The Effect Of Technology On Human Thinking

The Effect Of Technology On Human Thinking This paper begins an investigation of how advances sway the human perspective. Specifically, it analyzes how the new PCs innovations influence the engineering structure. The primary segment features the connection between human qualities and innovation through assessing some repudiated philosophical perspectives and concentrating how the data innovation propelled the way its work from the human cerebrum. The subsequent segment goes in more explicitly to audit the association between engineering plan and innovation, while the third area investigation some design PC Technologies have altogether changed the human life in the twentieth century, and the reason is that data innovation has apparently been the most significant driver of progress in our lives and will carry on to be so far at any rate the following a very long while is totally obvious. PC has modified each part of our life from a social point of view to the in particular a correspondence outlook. Because of this change there was a conflict between PC innovation and human qualities particularly in the mid of the only remaining century when the original of PCs was delivered. Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) was one of the most inventive, powerful and questionable mastermind of the twentieth century and there is no savant depicts the contention of human worth and innovation so definitely as Heidegger. Shockingly, Heidegger passed on before observing the most remarkable mechanical transformation and the wide spread of microcomputer, he just observed the original of PCs, yet the idea of his work permits him to cover the opening between the period before PCs and after, and along these lines his compositions become the beginning stage for different scholars to relate to the new circumstance of the innovation and the social orders. Heidegger when he coupled among being and time, he realized that reality changes and with it the undertaking of reasoning. He detected the quickness of progress in the twentieth century, and he seemed to foresee what bookkeepers handle today: the picture of humanist researcher in the book-packed examination, figuring profound considerations, will keep on being less and less feasible in the expert scholarship.(Holibaugh, 1988). This ongoing notification by Holibaugh the executive of Olin and Chalmers libraries at Kenyon College demonstrate what Heidegger in his works accepted: our quick mechanical development challenges the inheritance of human reasoning (Heim, 1993). Heidegger in 1967 said in his own compositions when he saw the rising peak of data: Maybe history and custom will fit easily into the data recovery frameworks that will fill in as an asset for the inescapable arranging needs of a cybernetically sorted out humanity. The inquiry is in the case of reasoning, as well, will end in the matter of data handling (Heidegger, 1967). Not a long way from Heidegger Marshall McLuhan, 1911-80. Correspondence scholar, who didn't live to see the multiplication of PCs. He acknowledged innovation for breaking the linearity of human lives and thinking, McLuhan (1964) portrayed the twentieth century, it is the speed of electric association that makes the necessary entire of both private and open mindfulness. We live today in the time of data and of correspondence since electric media right away and continually make a complete field of associating occasions where all men take an interest. By the mid-twentieth century there were some philosophical perspectives have contended that the PC shows up as an opponent insight that challenges the person to a challenge (Heim, 1993). Hubert Dreyfus the educator of theory in University of California Has contemplated the threat of PCs and he reason that we should know precisely what PCs can and what PCs cannot do, Dreyfus said that the midtwentieth century culture would in general read the person as a data handling framework and the analysts portrayed the cerebrum as a modified computerized PC. Dreyfus noticed that the mind can be depicted as handling data since its genuineness and this will drives us into unexamined authoritative opinion that the human deduction works in formal examples and that properly customized PCs conceivably will rehash thought designs. On the off chance that PCs could rehash figured examples, may we not then sensible state that PC think or have man-made consciousness (Heim, 1993). Dreyfus kept on argueing t hat the human reasoning and mastery rely basically upon oblivious senses instead of cognizant emblematic control and these oblivious capacities would never be acquire in formal frameworks. Dreyfus evaluate depended on present day savant like Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty, Dreyfus applied Heideggers study of innovation to PCs, however he comprehend the PC too barely as a man-made reasoning gadget and he saw the PC just as adversary. Dreyfus wrote in the presentation of his book What Computers Still Cant Do (1992), Artificial insight, our projects by and large are issues instead of arrangements. In the event that an analyst attempts to compose a getting program, it isnt in light of the fact that he has thought of a superior method of executing this surely knew task, but since he trusts he can come nearer to composing the principal usage. In the event that he calls the principle circle of his program UNDERSTANDING, he is (until demonstrated honest) just making one wonder. He may delude m any individuals, most noticeably himself, and goad a great deal of others. Totally different perspective from Dreyfuss conviction which as opposed to seeing the PC as a potential adversary it is smarter to interface with PCs. The PCs assume a principal job in human life and it have numerous reasons and it has utilized in different kinds of conditions, for example, instructive, clinical, diversion, etc. PC has become a significant string in the surface of the human development and human day by day dependence on PCs impacts the manner in which the way of life continues in all things. Subsequently, the exploration and the advancement today are moving endlessly from the computerized reasoning to investigate in human PC association, including data condition augmented reality by increased human real recognition. The internet, and changing the lifestyle Since the most recent decade in the twentieth century, PC systems have caught individuals consideration. A wide range of media have been loaded up with news about the web (data superhighway) and of the money related and political fortunes to be made on it. Accordingly, the deals of PCs increment drastically and more individuals are getting associated with the net. PC systems are currently have numerous reasons and broadly utilized. There are numerous terms have been utilized to portray the data superhighway, for example, the net, the web, and the internet, while every one underline diverse element of system innovation and its job, which means and effect. Whichever the term is utilized, obviously PC systems greatly affect our life by making numerous new social airs wherein individuals can meet and connect with each other (Kollock, P.,Smith, M., 1999). Heim (1993) composed depicts the internet in the data age, a spiritualist gleam encompasses the term the internet. Each kind of interface shapes a window or entryway into the internet. The internet recommends an electronic measurement where we move data about and where we discover our way around information. The internet renders a spoke to or fake world, a world comprised of data that our frameworks produce and that we input into the framework. Similarly as a chessboard set up the checkered game space of its own universe of rooks and knights, pawns and religious administrators, so too the PC interface holds its field of moves, chain of command of documents, spots to go, and relative separations between focal points. We occupy the internet when we feel ourselves traveling through the interface into moderately free world with its own measurements and rules. The more we habituate ourselves to an interface, the more we live in the internet, in what William Gibson calls the consensual men tal trip. The internet changes the way human lives and imparts, besides it can enchant of lack of involvement their live. Individuals converse with the framework, instructing it, however the framework language and procedure come to coordinate individuals brain research. In the internet individuals look all through the interface oblivious as they peer through an electronic structure where their images (information, words, reproduction) come underneath exact control, where things show up with alarming lucidity. Heim (1993) in his exposition from interface to the internet wrote in the internet we overlook ourselves as we develop into our created universes. With our appearances facing it, the interface is difficult to see. Since data innovation accommodates our psyches, it is the hardest of all to consider. Nothing is nearer to us. We can miss it as effectively as we ignore a couple of eyeglasses on the extension of the nose or a contact focal point on the cornea. The internet is an unbounded enclosure as depicted by William Gibson (1988), in the internet individuals can travel constantly without fringes, and as the internet is electronic, individuals electronically can speak to the genuine world and also the conceivable and envisioned universes. The internet makes another method of association, coordination and correspondence which are not the same as eye to eye correspondence. As indicated by this move a great many spaces to house discussions and trade have set up between various gatherings of individuals from totally different and far region on the planet, this sort of move made correspondence increasingly down to earth and helpful. By utilizing system collaboration media like email, meeting framework, and visit individuals have shaped thousand of gatherings to talk about a wide scope of subjects strategically, socially, socially, diversion and even work on a scope of complex aggregate ventures. As a matter of fact the internet in not only another manner o

Academic Achievement free essay sample

Consider what components can have an effect on the scholarly accomplishment of the understudies in a school, school, or college. Take a gander at the accompanying rundown of potential impacts and rate the thoughts on a size of 1-5 (1 = almost no impact, 5 = extremely solid impact). Effect on scholarly execution Resources accessible (e. G. , PCs, research centers, course books) Teacher level (capabilities, experience, and so forth ) Student inspiration Rating 1. 3 Add and rate your very own portion ideas.Then contrast your rundown and appraisals and an accomplice. Center undertaking Your purpose behind perusing Text 1-1 is to get some foundation data to assist you with composing the accompanying exposition. English for scholarly investigation 18 Task 2: Reading for a reason 2. 1 Look cautiously at the title of Text 1-1. Do you believe that the content will be helpful for composing a task about scholastic accomplishment? Offer your decisions with another understudy. Peruse the prologue to Text 1-1 (lines 1?66). As you read, attempt to decide on how helpful this content may be for your motivation. We will compose a custom article test on Scholastic Achievement or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page At the point when you have got done with perusing, circle and complete the permitting sentence. 2. 2 Task 3: Reading specifically 3. 1 Read the subheading (lines 67-68) and consider your own feeling on the issue. Do you feel that littler class sizes help to improve scholastic execution? Circle your answer at that point keep in touch with one purpose behind your decision beneath. 3. 2 Below are a few notes that have been made by another understudy on Text 1-1 . Peruse lines 67-1 17 and check the focuses referenced in the content a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Reading Writing 3. 3 Read lines 69-72. What does recounted mean?Try to figure the significance of his statement by taking a gander at the entire sentence. On the off chance that the thoughts in this passage are episodic, consider how genuinely you should consider when composing your task. 19 34 Read lines 97-1 17 and underline explicit data from this passage that you may use to help in the finish of the Focus task. Consider: 3. 5 how helpful you figure this passage may be comparable to the Focus task; regardless of whether you think the sources are solid. With an accomplice, think about and legitimize your decision of data for each of the four questions.Task 4: Identifying the scholars reason 4. 1 Read lines 1 18-192 and settle on the principle elements of TTT content from the decisions given underneath. For every decision, rate the if relying upon how sure you are (5 = exceptionally sure). Study tip It vehicle to perceive why the essayist has composed a content, or an area of the capacity of the content is. Capacity a) To convince the perusers to acknowledge a specific point clarify the significance of utilizing research information rather than attach clarifications. C) To assess the significance of the exploration the impact of study hall size on scholastic accomplishment. To inquire about strategy utilized in different pieces of the US into the exhausted size on scholarly accomplishment. 4. 2 What is the capacity (or full Figure 1: Milestone concentrates in class size (page 1 59)? A) to aggregates substance of the content b) to plot the substance of certain applicable clarify the significance of the STAR venture d) to think about the examination about class size Rating Task 5: Understanding referencing in writings Referencing in a book is a method of connecting words and thoughts switch making the content increasingly firm and simpler to understand.The movement will give practice in this significant ability. 5. 1 Look at 1-1. What data or thought in the content do the words these if a) The US Department of Education b) The National Assessment Educational Progress c) Project STAR Study tip A powerful ere of referencing in a book to increase an away from of what t wishes to pass on. 20 English for scholastic examination 5. 2 What different words or expressions (lines 119-148) allude to the s 5. 3 (line number (line number ) What reasons do the scholars give for disregarding the information?

In Appreciation of Productive Fridays

In Appreciation of Productive Fridays One of the things that I wish I could tell my high school self is just how exited I am to get to do the things that I do here at Illinois, even when life gets busy. Really, even by the time Friday rolls around every week, Im still happy to go to my classes and my internship, because even though certain things are more challenging, theyre fun, and make me want to keep going! Also, the people that I get to see everyday make me want to continue doing the best that I can. I guess that what Im getting at is that I truly appreciate how my schedule motivates me to be as productive as possible, even on a Friday afternoon! Sarah Class of 2018 I'm from Grand Rapids, Michigan. I'm majoring in Communication in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

Investment Analysis Using Reuters Financial Database Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3607 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Standard Chartered PLC is the merging of The Standard Bank of British South Africa and the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China at 1969. The company headquarter is in London, England and the branches are operating all over the world (Standard Chartered Bank, 2010). They main business strategy is focus on Consumer banking, Wholesale banking, SME banking, Islamic banking and Private banking. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Investment Analysis Using Reuters Financial Database Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Other than that, Standard Chartered is approaching 3 main principal in their business model that are participate in growing market, positioning as a global leader and effective costs and risks control (Standard Chartered Bank, 2010). Standard Chartered also listed on London, Hong Kong and Mumbai stock exchanges market and it also part of FTSE 100 Index. Standard Chartered tends to come out with large capital for the further expansion to Europe, Asia and Africa. At 2000, Standard Chartered is successful to acquire ANZ Grindlays and it help to enter the market in India and Pakistan. As a result, it brings the huge profit for the companies and strengthens their market position (Yahoo Finance, 2010). Technical Analysis Dow Theory is a type of technical analysis that assumes the stock market movements are rise or fall together and economic trend can be predicted (Copsey, 1999). Dow and Hamilton stated that there are three types of price movements for the Dow Theory: primary movements, secondary movements and daily fluctuations. Primary moves can be indentifying from a few months to several years and it can determine the trend of the market. The primary upward trend market is representing the bull market and downward trend is representing the bear market. Secondary movements are move in opposite direction of the primary trend from a few weeks to a few months. Therefore, the secondary trend movement are regularly more volatile than those of the primary move. Daily fluctuations always go with or against the primary trend and within a few hours to a few days, but not exceed a week (Stock Charts, 2010). Figure 1: Bull Trend from 2003 to 2007 In figure 1, Standard Chartered is on the upward trend during 2003 to 2007. The upward trend price can form a series of rising peaks and rising troughs. Therefore, STAN.L is in bull trend because the price is moves according to the support line. It doesnt move straight upward but has some corrections along the way. Figure 2: Bear Trend from 2008 to 2009 In figure 2, Standard Chartered is on the downward trend during 2008 to 2009 when a bear trend starts at the end of a bull trend. The downward trend price can form a series of declining peaks and declining troughs. Hence, STAN.L is in bear trend because the price is moves according to the resistant line. In a bear market, it is not moving straight downward because secondary movement create rallies in that period. When a rally ends with a bottom low, it shows the end of the bear trend and the rise of the bull trend. In 2010, the red support line is showing the bull trend after 2009 and it might continue for at least few years before the bear trend start. Elliott Wave Theory Elliott Wave theory is a type of technical analysis that uses to predict the market trends and the price patterns. Elliott believed that stock markets follow repetitive cycles because it reflected the investor psychology (Beckman, 1976). Therefore, market cycles are dividing to two separate type of wave: impulsive wave and corrective wave. An impulse wave will contain 5 elements while corrective wave contain 3 elements. The impulse waves are following the direction of the trend for example up in a bull market and down in a bear market, the corrective waves are always move against the trend (Arotec, 2010). Figure 3: Elliot Wave on STAN.L C A B 5 4 3 2 1 In figure 3, the impulse wave for Standard Chartered is follows a bull trend. The graph show that the three waves in the direction of the upward trend (1, 3, and 5) and wave 5 is the end of the bull market because it already achieves the new highest price. After that, the share price fall drastically during 2008 and corrective wave is begin to show the bear trend (A and B). But the wave A seems to be the bottom of the bear trend and wave B continued to rise after 2009 and achieve the new peak compare to wave 5. So, the wave C will fall that predict STAN.L price will drop in the future. Support and Resistance Support and Resistance is a form of technical analysis that driven by the greed and fear forces. In other words, it represents the demand and supply theory. The price of the stocks will move down when the supply increase and the price will move up when the demand increase. In trending market, bull cycle occurs when demand increase and bear cycle occurs when supply increase. Therefore, non-trending market occurs when supply and demand are the same. A support level act as a floor to support the price to going further down and a resistance level act as a ceiling to support the price to going further up (Martinez, 2007). Figure 4: Support and Resistance Line from 2006 to 2008 In figure 4, the trend channel had been draw from 2005 to 2008 to show the Standard Chartered share price is oscillates between the support and resistance lines. The support line has been tested 5 times without being broken but at 2008 the breakout occurred and the share price fell below the support level. So, the bull trend end and the bear trend start. At the end of 2008, the share price drops to the bottom and oscillates between the second support and resistance lines. The share price had moved sideways during 2008 to 2009 and the resistance line has been tested 3 times without broken but at middle of 2009 the breakout occurred. Therefore, the share price rises against the resistance line and achieves the new peak. Chart Patterns Investment analysts always look for the patterns to indicate the direction of the market. There are two major types of patterns that are reversal patterns and continuation patterns. Reversal patterns provide an indication that the market is turning in its primary trend and continuation patterns provide an indication that the market is going continue in the same direction (Dawson and Steeley, 2003). Head and Shoulders (Reversal Patterns) The head and shoulders pattern is a most famous reversal patterns in technical analysis. It is always happened from uptrends to downtrends (bullish to bearish). This pattern includes three successive peaks with the left shoulder, a head, and a right shoulder and a line drawn as the neckline (Osier and Chang, 1995). Figure 5: Head and Shoulders Pattern from 2007 to 2008 Neckline Left Shoulder Right Shoulder Head In figure 5, the left shoulder form at middle of 2007 and marks the high point of the Standard Chartered price of the bull trend. Investors who bought the shares fear that the price has risen too high and might fall. So, they sell STAN.L shares to prevent the profit turn to loss. Bargain hunters soon return to the market and eventually push the price through to new highs that form a head patterns. However, the new highs are quickly turned back and price falling again to the neckline. The advance from the low of the forms the right shoulder because bargain hunters will buy the shares and the market rallies once more, but fails to achieve the previous peak because of the fear. STAN.L shares price fall after it breakout from the neckline at 1290p at middle of 2008. Figure 6: Volume for Head and Shoulders Pattern In figure 6, volume has a greater significance in the head and shoulders pattern. The higher price on the left shoulder will reflect the high volume as it shows on figure 6. However, the volume during the head is less than the volume during the left shoulder. The decreases in volume along with new highs that form the head serve as a warning sign. Bargain hunters are not aggressive then before that can be show on the volume. On the last rallying, volume on right shoulder increase and signalling that the buyers may have exhausted themselves. Standard Chartered share price break the neckline and the pattern is complete. STAN.L share price is falling and the bear market start. Head and Shoulder Bottom or Head and Shoulder Top? Neckline Right Shoulder Head Left Shoulder Neckline Right Shoulder Head Left ShoulderFor the year 2011, the graphs show us that there are 2 possibilities of the head and shoulder top or bottom trend will occur in this graph. Therefore, it depend on the bargain hunters whether they will enter the market to take advantage of profit taking or investors will sell the shares because it reach another peak for Standard Chartered share price. Flag and Pennant (Continuation Patterns) The flag and pennant pattern is a most familiar continuation patterns in technical analysis. There are consolidation patterns and happen after some sharp movement in the price. It only acts in short-term period during the bull or bear markets (Kirkpatrick and Dahlquist, 2007). Figure 7: Flag and Pennant Pattern at Q2 2009 FlagpolegpoleIn figure 7, Standard Chartered share price had a sharp increase and the volume increase drastically in 2009. Then, a pennant appears within 12 weeks after a sharp increase in price and volume. Bargain hunters are not willing to bid up the stock and shareholder enter the market to sell their shares to earn the profit. The flagpole occurs from the sharp advance break a trend line. The form of flags and pennants require a sharp advance or decline on heavy volume. According to figure 7, the volume of STAN.L shares decline after the heavy volume. When the share price break above resistance signals, the pennant is finished and the bull trend continues. MA (Moving Average) MA is type of technical analysis to indicate the trend of the market and help to predict the market turning point. The share price will use as an indicator to form a trend and it do not predict the price direction. A short MA will respond more quickly than a longer period MA (Greene, 2008). Golden Cross Death Cross Golden CrossFigure 8: Moving Average Triple from 2005 to 2010 Death Cross In figure 8, there are 3 moving average line that the red colour represents the 50 period, green colour represent the 100 period and purple colour represent the 200 period of MA. The interaction between 50 day and 200 day of MA can use as an indicator of a switching between a Bull and a Bear market. The golden cross is usually show the start of bull market and death cross is show the start of bear market. In figure 8, the 50 day and 200 day had cross around end of 2006 and Standard Chartered share price is moving up and signifying the start of bull market. It creates the buy signal for the investor to enter the market. Next, the line cross again at end of 2008 and the 200 day MA is moving above the 50 day MA. It shows the death cross and the STAN.L share is falling and start of bear market. It creates a sell signal for the investor to quit the market. At 2009, the 50 day MA is cross against the 200 day MA and the golden cross occur. As STAN.L is on bull trend during 2009-2010, it cre ates the buy signal again and the share price is achieving a new peak. MACD (Moving Average Convergence and Divergence) MACD is a type of oscillator that can measure market momentum as well as follow or indicate the trend. MACD consists of two lines, the MACD Line and the Signal Line. The MACD Line measures the difference between a short moving average and a long moving average. It generates the buy and sell signal. When the MACD Line and the Signal Line cross signals are generated (Stock Charts, 2010). Figure 9: MACD from 2008 to 2010 Buy Bullish Divergence In figure 9, the red colour line is a MACD Line and the green colour is a Signal Line. A buy signal is generated when the MACD Line crosses from below to above the Signal Line, the further below the zero line that this occurs the stronger the signal. The Standard Chartered share is generating a buy signal during 2008 to 2009 when the share price drop to the bottom of the bear market. So, it create the bullish divergence is when prices are making lower lows but the MACD is making higher lows. This is a sign that the down move is weakening and ensuring the buy signal. Figure 10: MACD from Aug 2010 to Dec 2010 Sell Bearish Divergence In figure 10, Standard Chartered PLC share is generating a sell signal during August 2010 to November 2010. A sell signal is generated when the MACD Line crosses from above to below the Signal Line, the further above the zero line that this occurs the stronger the signal. So, the sign of up move is weakening due to bearish divergence occur when prices are making higher highs but the MACD is making lower highs. Consequently, it strengthens the sell signal for STAN.L share. Average Direction Index The Average Directional Index is an indicator for the market whether is trending or moving sideways. The analysis of Average Direction Index is a process of assessing market trend and determines whether investors to decide which is the strongest trends and gain good profits during the strong trend (Option Trading Guide, 2010). Figure 11: Average Direction Index from Aug 2010 to Dec 2010 Sell Buy In figure 11, the red colour line is Positive Direction Indicator (+DI) and the green colour line is Negative Direction Indicator (-DI). If the +DI line is above the -DI line then the trend is up, and if the -DI line is above the +DI line the trend is down. Buy and sell signals are generated by the +DI and -DI lines. If the +DI crosses above the -DI line, this is a buy signal. A sell signal is generated when the -DI line crosses above the +DI line. Standard Chartered share is on the uptrend during early of September 2010 when the +DI line is cross over -DI line and it creates the buy signal. On middle of December 2010, the -DI line is cross over +DI and it show the market is overbought. As a result, investor should leave the market and sell the share due to the sell signal is been create. Fundamental Analysis Ratio Analysis: Value Investing In fundamental analysis, I choose value investing as my stock picking strategy. According to Chan and Lakonishok (2004), value stocks have made higher returns compare to growth stocks. The analyst had done the experiments over the small-cap stocks and large-cap stocks and the result show that value investing is more suitable. It was because value stocks had less effect compare to growth stocks when the stock market in the downturn. There are several studies prove that extrapolative biases in investor behaviour might affect the investment decision. Investors are overbid the prices of growth stocks as the prices of value stocks dropped far below their value based on fundamentals. Therefore, value investing is the best choice for long-term investment strategy. Figure 12: Overview of Standard Chartered Fundamental Analysis as at 14/12/2010 Earning Yield Earning Yield is the ratio of earning per share over the current market price per share. The earnings yield is the opposite of the P/E ratio. It is measure the percentage of each dollar invested in the stock that was earned by the company. According to Graham (1949), he suggests that if the earning yield was double the yield on a low risk corporate bond (AAA rated) the stock represents good value. Standard Chartered earning yield is 6.34% and the 5 years AAA bond yield is 3.35%. So, the earning yield should be 6.68% to meet the criteria. Figure 13: STAN.L PE Ratio as at 14/12/2010 P/E Ratio P/E ratio is the ratio of current share price over the annual earning by the company per share. A high P/E ratio company is expecting higher earnings growth in the future compared to company with a lower P/E. P/E ratio usually do not reflect the real value of the share but it is helpful to compare the P/E ratios of one firm to other firms in the same sector. According to Graham (1949), the stocks with a PE of less than 40% of the market average over the last 5 years will have the large room to growth. Standard Chartered P/E ratio is 15.78% and the overall sector PE ratio is 13.02%. Therefore, Standard Chartered does not fulfil the 40% criteria. Figure 14: 10 year UK bond and STAN.L Fundamental Ratio as at 14/12/2010 Dividend Yield Dividend Yield is the ratio of annual dividends that paid by the company over the current share price. In other word, dividend yield is use to determine the amount of cash flow that the company earn to be invested in its own share. Therefore, for those risks adverse investors that prefer a steady income from their investment portfolio should invest in stocks that paying relatively high and stable dividend yields. According to Graham (1949), a value stock should have a yield at least 2/3 that of AAA rated bonds. Standard Chartered dividend yield is 2.65% and 10 year UK government bond yield is 4.18%. Therefore, the dividend yield should be 2.79% to meet the criteria. Price to Book Value DDM is a share valuation method on the cash flow that receives in the future to find the intrinsic value. In real life, many investors do not believe on DDM because it always produces a negative bias to valuation estimates. Hence, we will use constant growth rate of the dividend or 3-stage model to solve the biasness (Fuller and Hsia, 1984). First, we need to assume the risk free interest rate, expected dividend growth rate, risk premium and periods of dividend growth. For Standard Chartered DDM, we will use the default risk free rate that same as the yield on 10 year UK gilts. According to Goedhart, Koller, and Williams (2002), the risk premium for UK equity market is 3.5% to 4%. The result of DDM is show at figure 18, constant growth rate model has show if the expected dividend growth rate is 7% then the share price is more than the current value. But for the estimate growth rate at 5% or 6%, it show the current share price is overvalue and investors should sell the share. Therefore, a constant growth rate of 7% p.a. might not be realistic in this current economic situation. For 3-stage model, we will assume that the first stage is high stable growth and will last for 5 years, second stage is declining growth that last for 10 years and the last is infinite stable growth. Standard Chartered is on the maturity stage in the business life cycle and the potential to grow is limited because the competition is very high in UK. As a result, for case 1 and case 2 the value of the stock is under the current share price but case 3 is 13.88% more than the current share price. But 15% for the first 5 years is unrealistic and it shows the share is overvalued. From the aspect from technical analysis, Standard Chartered share price is on bull trend according to Dow Theory and Elliot Wave Theory. From the chart patterns, it shows the STAN.L is on head and shoulder top or bottom but we need to determine the volume for the share price in the future to confirm the patterns. Moving average and MACD are produce the sell signal for STAN.L because the share is on the peak compares to historical data. At last, the average direction index also giving the same signal that STAN.L is overbought and it advise the investors to sell the share in the future. From the aspect from fundamental analysis, Standard Chartered share price is testing by the ratio analysis to determine whether the share is undervalued. Standard Chartered is fail on earning yield, PE ratio, dividend yield, P/B ratio, and debt to equity ratio, therefore, the share price is not undervalue. Next, we use target price model to calculate the intrinsic value of the share. So, Standard Chartered share price in target pricing is higher than current price but after our justification the share price is not undervalue because the estimate EPS is too high for current market. The DDM also show that the Standard Chartered share price is overvalue by our estimation for constant growth and 3-stage model. In the nutshell, investors need to decide whether to follow technical analysis or fundamental analysis. Therefore, we need to determine whether the FTSE 100 markets are efficient. If FTSE 100 is weak form efficient market hypothesis, all the historical information will reflect on the share price and analyst cant use technical analysis to do the prediction. Analyst stating that FTSE 100 might be semi-strong form efficient market hypothesis that reveal all publicly available information on the share price and fundamental analysis cant produce any unusual return. Some of the researchers claim that stock market is like random walk that analyst cant predict the share price by historical data. Therefore, Malkiel (1999) is claim that there is no point to do technical analysis and fundamental analysis because the stock prices reflect all the available information that is relevant to the price. But some of the analysts claim that there are some fund managers able to beat the market consistent ly by their stock picking technique. At last, there are many different opinion between practitioners and academics as to how efficient markets and how useful stock picking and the market timing. For my opinion, whether we choose technical analysis or fundamental analysis, we need to determine the result by ourselves. There is no right or wrong answer on which analysis we approach. In this project, the result for technical analysis and fundamental analysis on Standard Chartered share is showing the sell signal, so the investors who have the share should hold the share or sell it in the future.

Womens Roles in WWII by Emily Yellin in the Book, Our...

In Our Mother’s War, Emily Yellin provides a compelling and eye-opening account of the many roles of women during World War II. Our Mother’s War was inspired by Yellin’s mother, Carol Lynn, who had lived through World War II and had been a Red Cross volunteer in the Pacific. After Yellin’s mother had died, Yellin had came upon an old manila envelope which contained many of her mother’s letters and dairy. Through these writings, Yellin realized for the first time the sacrifices women made for the war, and after being inspired to know more about the roles of women during World War II, she set out on a mission to unearth stories which have never been displayed before. Being a journalist and daughter of a World War II woman uniquely qualified Yellin to paint a vivid picture of the accounts of women during the war. through the use of letters and writings. Yellin begins by examining war brides and wives of those who had been sent off to war. As a result of the war, many women had been pressured to marry, after which these young brides had to endure a new loneliness and longing for their loved one. Yellin recounted emotional stories such as that of Genevieve Eppens who â€Å"had no idea how painful fulfilling [a] simple wish† of just being together with her husband would be. (p. 7) Similarly, war wives also experienced a new challenge of providing for their children while also trying to help the war effort—many had to move in with other family members or double up with other women.(14)

The Letter of Complaint Free Essays

Dear Sir/ Madam I am writing to you in order to complain about your package holidays in Greece where I have been last two weeks. On 25 August 2011 from your company I bought a two – week holiday in Greece. Unfortunately, your package holiday was unfaithful and misleading. We will write a custom essay sample on The Letter of Complaint or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am disappointed because everything that was said in your brochure was a lay. When I arrived to Greece I found an overflowing resort with a lot of tourists instead of peaceful island where I had to relax. Moreover, in PTC’s brochure were said that there was miles of empty golden sands but the nearest beach to the hotel was a kilometre away and very rocky. Furthermore, I could reach the mainland with a ferry which ran only three times a week and were very crowded. In addition, your company made a promise that there was a traditional Greek hospitality in a comfortable family run hotel full of a local atmosphere but I could not find the traditional Greek dishes and everywhere was a holiday- camp atmosphere. To resolve the problem, I would appreciate your money back. Moreover, I require you to correct your mistakes and do not deceive your clients. Furthermore, I hope you will make me a discount for another holiday package, if liked to go for my holidays. I trust you will ensure that such errors will not happen again. I look forward to your replay and a resolution to my problem. Please contact me at the above address or by phone. Yours faithfully, How to cite The Letter of Complaint, Essay examples

The Economists. Retrieved

Questions: 1. According to the article, Donald Trump dislikes big global firms. Explain why, outline his planned policy changes and discuss how these policies could affect US consumers? 2. Multinational companies (MNCs) boomed in the 1990s. Examine the key factors that contributed to the growth of the market power of MNCs? 3. The profits of multinationals have dropped by 25% and a 30-year window of arbitrage is closing. What is meant by arbitrage and according to the article, what are the factors leading to the current rise of local companies at the expense of global ones? Answers: 1. According to the report published in the Economists, it has been seen that Donald Trump has planned to take up a major restructuring in their business policies and thereby slaughtering the power of the big firms and prioritizing the small indigenous firms (www.economist.com, 2017). As a result, this is going to influence the US consumers by creating an upward pressure on prices. The supply is going to reduce. On other hand, as US is planning to shirk off the foreigners working in their MNCs, hence local indigenous people needs to be appointed to meet up the gap. This is going to increase the labor cost thereby the total cost of production. Henceforth, the price of the product is going to raise causing inflation in the economy and a hole in the consumers pocket. In addition, people who have been habituated in using a wide range of products is going to face scarcity in their choices and henceforth is going to face problems. Therefore, three main problems has been identified that the consumer of U.S is going to face namely, problem of choice, increasing cost and reduction in the supply of products (Jensen, Quinn Weymouth, 2015). 2. The decade of 1990s saw a boom in the global economy. Trade policies in the international market have been liberalized in the initial years of the decade. This decade has also been referred to as the golden era of MNCs in global business (Guilford 2016). The key factors that led to the growth of MNCs during this age is as follows: After trade liberalization and opening of the economy, EU integrated with China and Soviet Union to continue their international trade. There has been a constant inflow of foreign investment in those MNCs. This has increased their efficiency and scale economy. The companies has been able to keep their production cost low by outsourcing their business and hiring cheap employees from South Asian nations like India, Bangladesh and China. There has been a radical change in the technologies used by these companies. The emerging economies allowed the influx of MNCs within their economy as it created jobs and employed their population. On other hand, they were able to get benefit from receiving goods at cheaper price. 3. Arbitrage implies the process of selling and consuming same products at different prices in the global market. In this case, the term has been used to define the international trade conducted by the MNCs by recruiting cheap labor from other nations and hiring technologies (Tweed 2017). A highly efficient trade with global economy is going to be strategically slaughtered. The low oil price along with strong dollar has led to this reduction in revenue earnings. The factors that have helped the local companies to rise up and beyond the MNCs are as follows: MNCs are now facing a rise in their cost of production as wages in many countries like China are increasing. The share of profits of these MNCs is continuously decreasing and it decreased to almost 25% within a short span of 5 years. The government is focusing on the local firms by cutting down taxes. Also, by increasing export and import duty of the MNCs the government tried to curb their power thereby enhancing local trade References: Guilford, G. (2016). Everything we thought we knew about free trade is wrong. Quartz. Retrieved 13 February 2017, from https://qz.com/840973/everything-we-thought-we-knew-about-free-trade-is-wrong/ Jensen, J. B., Quinn, D. P., Weymouth, S. (2015). The influence of firm global supply chains and foreign currency undervaluations on US trade disputes.International Organization,69(04),913-947. https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?hl=enq=Jensen%2C+J.+B.%2C+Quinn%2C+D.+P.%2C+%26+Weymouth%2C+S.+%282015%29.+The+influence+of+firm+global+supply+chains+and+foreign+currency+undervaluations+on+US+trade+disputes.+International+Organization%2C+69%2804%29%2C+913-947.btnG= The multinational company is in trouble. (2017). The Economists. Retrieved 13 February 2017, from https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21715660-global-firms-are-surprisingly-vulnerable-attack-multinational-company-trouble Tweed, D. (2017). India could be Donald Trump's next trade war target - The Economic Times. The Economic Times. Retrieved 13 February 2017, from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-could-be-donald-trumps-next-trade-war-target/articleshow/57118403.cms

A Classical Experience essays

A Classical Experience essays On September fourth of 2002, I attended a lecture by Agate Nesaule. Agate was the author of the freshman connectoins novel, A Woman In Amber. The lecture was about two hours long. During the lecture Agate spoke of her childhood during the war. The lecture was supposed to include discussion on her book and how she came to writing, but instead Agate spoke on her childhood in further detail. I found the lecture rather slow and tedious. Agate brought up many topics that were in A Woman In Amber, such as the harsh conditions of wartime and the effects that these conditions can have on a family such as hers. She stressed the importance of putting emotions into words to relieve anxieties. During the lecture Agate rarely changed her tone and seldomly looked up from her notes. As a public speaker, and as an English teacher (which she is), she should have been prepared to speak to the audience. Agate contradicted herself by saying she would "rather not speak about it", when talking on a difficult subject that troubled her when earlier in the lecture she wanted to stress the importance that writing and speaking are forms of therapy. Agate used many real life examples and told many stories of her childhood during the war in detail. She talked about how it took her almost fourty years to start writing because she was ashamed and afraid of being different. Agate said that writing takes a huge iniative. Throughout Agates speech, there were many good qualities of a good speaker. She spoke in great detail which could be easily understood by the audience. Agate also used many real life examples and held everyone's attention for almost two hours. She also had poor qualties in her speech. She did not seem confident while giving her presentation. Agate had very little, if any, eye contact with a monotone voice. Agate did not read the audience. She spoke on whatever she wanted reguardless audience reaction. ...

Free Essays on Kanzen Berhad

Introduction and Issues: The author of our text (Ball, et al, International Business, 111) explains, â€Å"The simple concept of comparative advantage is the basis for international trade.† Although this simple concept can be shown mathematically to be the most efficient action for sovereign countries to achieve the best quantitative measure of resources, other forces that are interjected that complicate the entire trade process between countries. Our global open market world initiative must contend with competitive sovereign governments that have an obligation to protect its citizens even economically and create a balance between protectionism and global growth. Governments have weaved a complicated web of regulatory controls including monetary penalties on foreign businesses that encroach upon their own countries ability to remain economically viable. Other laws have been passed to allow special interest groups that represent industries to petition the legal system for justice according to their eyes, in the global arena. As exhibit 14 shows, penalties include antidumping duties or AD’s, on a specific industries product if it can be proven that the product is being sold on the U.S. market at less than what it cost the foreign firm to manufacture it, (less than fair value) and is causing or threatens to cause material injury to a U.S. industry. Synopsis: Kanzen Berhad, known as KB, company in Malaysia and a subsidiary of Kanzen Tetsu Sdn. Bhd., (KTSB), was in fact facing this very dilemma of having AD duties imposed against heir stainless steel products that they manufacture and ship mainly (80%) to the United States. A U.S. lobby group for the steel industry, Specialty Tubing Group, STG, had petitioned the Bush Administration to impose Antidumping duties on Malaysia and Thailand claiming the U.S. steel pipe industry is in jeopardy from imports selling at â€Å"below cost†. Issues Defined: Mr. EuHong Chew, Sr. Manager and Dir... Free Essays on Kanzen Berhad Free Essays on Kanzen Berhad Introduction and Issues: The author of our text (Ball, et al, International Business, 111) explains, â€Å"The simple concept of comparative advantage is the basis for international trade.† Although this simple concept can be shown mathematically to be the most efficient action for sovereign countries to achieve the best quantitative measure of resources, other forces that are interjected that complicate the entire trade process between countries. Our global open market world initiative must contend with competitive sovereign governments that have an obligation to protect its citizens even economically and create a balance between protectionism and global growth. Governments have weaved a complicated web of regulatory controls including monetary penalties on foreign businesses that encroach upon their own countries ability to remain economically viable. Other laws have been passed to allow special interest groups that represent industries to petition the legal system for justice according to their eyes, in the global arena. As exhibit 14 shows, penalties include antidumping duties or AD’s, on a specific industries product if it can be proven that the product is being sold on the U.S. market at less than what it cost the foreign firm to manufacture it, (less than fair value) and is causing or threatens to cause material injury to a U.S. industry. Synopsis: Kanzen Berhad, known as KB, company in Malaysia and a subsidiary of Kanzen Tetsu Sdn. Bhd., (KTSB), was in fact facing this very dilemma of having AD duties imposed against heir stainless steel products that they manufacture and ship mainly (80%) to the United States. A U.S. lobby group for the steel industry, Specialty Tubing Group, STG, had petitioned the Bush Administration to impose Antidumping duties on Malaysia and Thailand claiming the U.S. steel pipe industry is in jeopardy from imports selling at â€Å"below cost†. Issues Defined: Mr. EuHong Chew, Sr. Manager and Dir...

Perfect competition and monopoly power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Perfect competition and monopoly power - Essay Example There is natural tendency of the high technology company to acquire this form to shun competition. 3. In perfect competition products available in the market are of homogeneous character manufactured by firms and that do not provide customers the buying preference. Buyers are free to buy from the market and firms are also free to enter or exit without restrictions In contrast to this in monopoly there is only one seller and plenty of buyers. The entry barriers exist that don't allow easy entry in the market for many reasons such as high technology products or legally protected products etc. Monopolists set market price of the product and services irrespective of the buyers' reaction. The buyers don't have power to influence price. Oligopoly is a situation that lies in between the two extreme models of perfect competition and monopoly. This is a market form in which the industry is dominated by a small numbers of sellers or firms and the decision of one firm influences that of others. This close proximity and influence of each firm on the other in the market or industry often causes collusion of interest. There is scope of competition in oligopoly too but firms often employ restrictive trade practices as formation of cartels to raise product prices. OPEC is the best example which form cartel to restrict production of crude oil to reduce supply and increase price in the world market. When the number of firms is larger there can be fierce competition with relatively high production but low prices that amounts to situation in perfect competition. But actually the firms operate under imperfect competition. In order to earn greater profit / revenue and market share firms in oligopoly utilize non-price competition a nd are supported by sticky -upward demand curve. Oligopsony is another form of market in which number of sellers is comparatively large than the number of buyers. This type of market is often seen in the input market where a small number of firms compete to obtain (buy) factors of production. This is just in contrast with the oligopoly market where firms compete to sell the final product. Market with a few sellers (oligopoly) and a few buyers (oligopsony) is called as a bilateral oligopoly. Perfect Competition is the most competitive market structure in which everybody is a price taker. This type of situation hardly exists. It is so competitive that any individual buyer or seller has a very little impact on the market price. When a company emerges with a high technology products that no one else manufactures they acquire a growing monopolistic position in the market as the Microsoft Corporation did with its application software products that have to be used in every product as desktop computer. Initially there was no substitute product in the market as in a monopoly market but gradually some firms dare enter in to the scene to snatch some market share of the near

Is health and physical education beneficial enough to students to keep Essay

Is health and physical education beneficial enough to students to keep in our school systems - Essay Example 7) However, school curriculum should not be confined to teaching academic subjects that hone the students’ intellectual skills. The personality and behavior of an individual is developed through absorbing diverse issues that shape their needs, preferences and actions. Individuals do not exist in a nutshell; they interact, relate, and behave in specific manners which eventually affect their health. According to Kolbe (1993 p. 12), â€Å"the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) finds that most major health problems in the United States today are caused by six categories of behavior: behaviors that lead to intentional and unintentional injuries; smoking; alcohol and other drug use; sexual behaviors leading to sexually transmitted diseases, HIV infection, and unintended pregnancy; poor nutrition; and lack of physical activity†. He further emphasized that â€Å"behaviors and attitudes about health that are initiated during childhood are responsible for most of the leading causes of death, illness, and disability in the United States today. Comprehensive school health education programs represent one effective way of providing students with the knowledge and skills to prevent health-impairing behaviors.† (Kolbe 1993 p. 13) The schools’ curriculum should include subjects which promote health and physical education to enforce correct behavioral patter ns at a young age and continue this positive reinforcement until adulthood. Therefore, health promotion and physical education in the schools is of critical importance. There has been the underlying belief that â€Å"if young people (5-18 years) receive basic knowledge about a health issue, they will adopt appropriate health enhancing behaviours. Most school health programs, projects and packages were designed based on this belief. However, research in the last 20 years suggests that the provision of information will lead to behavior change approach is

Product Life Cycle Theory By Vernon Economics Essay

Product Life Cycle Theory By Vernon Economics Essay Vernons international product life cycle theory (1996) is based on the experience of the U.S. market. At that time, Vernon observed and found that a large proportion of the worlds new products came from the U.S. for most of the 20th century. It was concluded that U.S. was the first to introduce technological driver products. Vernon theory was used to explain certain types of foreign direct investment made by the U.S. companies after the Second World War in the manufacturing industry. The U.S. has become a major importer of many of the goods that had once developed, produced and exported. Vernons international product life cycle is used to attempt to explain why this happened. According to Vernon, in the first stage the U.S. transnational companies create new innovative products for local consumption and export the surplus in order to serve also the foreign markets. According to the theory of production cycle, after the Second World War in Europe has increased demand for manufactured products like those proposed in USA. Thus, America firms began to export, having the advantage of technology on international competitors. In the first stage of production cycle, manufacturers have an advantage by possessing new technologies. However at these early stages of production, the products were not standardized as the nature of the goods has implications such as price elasticity, the communication throughout the industry and also the location of the product itself. As the product starts to mature, the conditions also start to change. A certain degree of standardization takes place and the demand of the products appeared elsewhere. As demand has increased, overseas markets were imitating those products at a cheaper labour and overall cost. The U.S. firms were forced to perform production facilities on the local markets to maintain their market shares in those areas. Consequently the U.S. exports were limited. As the markets in the U.S. and these other developed countries mature, the product became standardized. The developments of the life cycle were once again changed. There were more demand and cheaper labour costs from overseas countries, the pricing became the main competitive tool and cost became more of an issue than previously. The producers internationally based in advanced countries then had the opportunity to export back to U.S. This has led to the undeveloped countries offering competitive advantage for the location of production and finally they became exporters. This evidence suggests that the more a product is standardized; the location of production is more likely to change. At the same time there is also evidence that unstandardized products will maintain their location in more phosphorus location. This also explains; between 1950 to 1970 there were certain types of investments in Europe Western made by U.S. companies. There were areas where Americans have not possessed the technological advantage and foreign direct investments were made during that period. To resume, Raymond Vernon believes that there are four stages of production cycle: Introduction Growth Maturity Decline And the location of production depends on the stage of the cycle. Stage 1: Introduction New products are introduced to meet local needs, and new products are first exported to similar countries i.e. countries with similar needs, preferences and incomes. Stage 2: Growth A copy product is produced elsewhere and introduced in the home country to capture growth in the home market. This moves production to other countries, usually on the basis of cost of production. Stage 3: Maturity The industry contracts and concentrates and the lowest cost producer will win. Stage4: Decline Poor countries constitute the only markets for the product. Therefore almost all declining products are produced in LDCs. Vernons product life cycle model can explain both trade and FDI. By adding a time dimension to the theory of monopolistic advantage, the product life cycle model can explain a firms shift from exporting to FDI. Initially a firm when innovate a product, it produces at home enjoying its monopolistic advantage in the export market, thus specializes and exports. Once the product becomes standardized in its growth product phase, the firm may tend to invest abroad and export from there to retain its monopoly power. The rivals from the home country may also follow to invest in the same foreign countrys oligopolistic market. Vernons theory implies that overtime the main exporter may change from exporter to importer. This leads to the low cost producers becoming exporters. One weakness of this theory can be that Vernons view is ethnocentric. It can also be said that many new products are now produced in advanced economies such as Japan. Globalization means that there is more dispersed and simultaneous production of comparative advantage. The final weakness of this theory is that this study was carried out in the 60s. The worlds trading importing and exporting has changed immensely over the years.

Comparison and Contrast Sonny and Charlie Sonnys Blues and Babylon Revisited Essay

Struggling with an addiction is one of the most painful and dreadful experiences one could ever go through. It can start out small or simple, then all of a sudden it is a full on addiction. In James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† addiction is a force that is to be reckoned with. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s â€Å"Babylon Revisited†, paints the perfect picture of what addiction can do at its greatest. These stories can truly substantiate how addiction can put many obstacles up that are very difficult to overcome. It is well established in our society that overcoming adversity can lead to success in many levels. In â€Å"Babylon Revisited† and â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† both addicts have major struggles in facing and defeating hardships in their lives, but when they are finally gone life is back to purpose again. Despite a few dissimilarities â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† and â€Å"Babylon Revisited† , have a lot in common, such as, addiction, imprisonment, and salvation. First, these stories are similar because of addiction. In â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† we find that Sonny is addicted to heroin early on. â€Å"He had been picked up, the evening before, in a raid on an apartment downtown for peddling and using heroin. (434) Sonny had battled a long addiction to the harmful drug before finally getting in trouble and serving jail time. Sonny, unlike the other kids in Harlem, did not act hard or gangster. He had an older brother who tried to look after him as well. He had guidance and advice at a young age but the streets of Harlem took control. Sonny wanted to find an escape from Harlem; he turned to heroin as that choice. In â€Å"Babylon Revisited† Charlie is plagued by the addiction of alcohol. He used to frequent the bars every night. He spent many nights drunk under the influence of alcohol. He had a daughter who kept him on the straight and narrow. She was his motivation to beat the addiction. Charlie searched for meaning in the bottle. The recollection of the past paves the way toward the future. The hole that Charlie seemed to dig himself into with alcohol is something that he will never be able to forget. He has damaged more than just himself because of his addiction. These stories are similar because of addiction. Second, the stories are comparable because of imprisonment. The imprisonment is caused by the addictions. In â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† Sonny is a prisoner to Harlem, he realized early on that he was not going to break the stereotype of being a poor, black, inner-city kid from Harlem. He realized the obstacles and burdens that were ahead of him. His brother warned him several times how dangerous and corrupt life is in Harlem but Sonny never took it to heart. He then turned to heroin to find the escape he had been searching for all along, which led to his jail sentence. Now, Sonny was literally held captive to the very thing he was using for his escape. Yet, when he smiled, when we shook hands, the baby brother I’d never known looked out from the depths of his private life, like an animal waiting to be coaxed in the light. †(438) Sonny’s brother had viewed him as an animal who has been trapped in the misery of his life, and now that he is free, he wants to know if he is truly free from the addiction of the past. Sonny’s brother is trying to say that he felt like he never knew his brother before but now that he has suffered the life of prison, he can see the wounds that his dreadful past had caused. But he can still notice the heart of Sonny. He sees that deep down Sonny is the same he has always been regardless of his past. The narrator is finally confronted with the reality that Sonny is in fact his brother and he is now his brother’s keeper, a responsibility he had ran from the majority of his life. In â€Å"Babylon Revisited† Charlie is imprisoned by his past. He will never truly be able to forget his past. He is constantly reminded of it anywhere he goes in Paris. His alcoholism has led him to a life of drunken memories. He also cannot escape his failed marriage. The reminiscence of the past can forecast the future. Because Charlie lost his wife, he is prevented from living with his daughter, which is the thing that will help him bury his past. These stories are similar because of imprisonment. Finally, these stories are alike because they both feature salvation. In â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† Sonny gets his salvation through music. When he is released from prison he is looking to get away from the same life that got him there. He also knows that Harlem is a city full of despair and drugs, which he cannot avoid. But he finds his salvation through music. When he is urged to fall back into his old life he plays music to revive himself from it. â€Å"For, while the tale of how we suffer, and how we are delighted, and how we may triumph is never new, it always must be heard. There isn’t any other tale to tell, it’s the only light we’ve got in all this darkness. †(453) the narrator describes how music changes his brother into the man he wants him to be. In â€Å"Babylon Revisited† Charlie finds salvation in through his daughter. Even though his friends and family try to bring him down, the one thing he puts his faith into is his daughter. In order to be saved from something you must be consumed by something else. Charlie was consumed in his past and could not let go. But when he is with his daughter he finds relentless joy that he cannot seem to find anywhere else. These stories are similar because of salvation. Addiction consumed Sonny and Charlie. It was something that opened many doors that they did not want opened. It caused them both to lose their entire lives. Even though they lived they are forever haunted by the past of their previous addictions. These stories are similar because of addiction, imprisonment, and salvation.

European domination Essay

As the antebellum period began, America was approaching its golden anniversary as an independent political state, but it was not yet a nation. There was considerable disagreement among the residents of its many geographical sections concerning the exact limits of the relationship between the Federal government, the older states, and the individual citizen. In this regard, many factions invoked concepts of state sovereignty, centralized banking, nullification, popular sovereignty, secession, all-Americanism, or manifest destiny. However, the majority deemed republicanism, social pluralism, and constitutionalism the primary characteristics of antebellum America. Slavery, abolition, and the possibility of future disunion were considered secondary issues. Cultural and social changes were sweeping the cities of America during the period. Industry and urbanization had moved the North toward a more modern society with an unprecedented set of novel cultural values, while the South had essentially lagged behind in the traditions of the 18th century. The mixing of traditional folkways with a more modern vision of America had caused social influence, political authority, and traditional concepts of family to become uncertain, unstable, and somewhat ambiguous. (Volo & Volo, 2004) The history and sociopolitical influence of the African-American church documents an interminable struggle for liberation against the exploitative forces of European domination. Although Black religion is predominantly Judeo-Christian, its essence is not simply white religion with a cosmetic face lift. Rather the quintessence of African-American spiritual- mindedness is grounded in the social and political experience of Black people, and, although some over the years have acquiesced to the dominant order, many have voiced a passionate demand for â€Å"freedom now. † The history of the African-American church demonstrates that the institution has contributed four indispensable elements to the Black struggle for ideological emancipation, which include a self-sustaining culture, a structured community, a prophetic tradition, and a persuasive leadership. The church of slavery, which began in the mid-eighteenth century, started as an underground organization and developed to become a pulpit for radicals like Richard Allen and the platform for revolutionaries like David Walker. For over one hundred years, African slaves created their own unique and authentic religious culture that was parallel to, but not replicative of the slave-owner’s Christianity from which they borrowed. Meeting on the quiet as the â€Å"invisible church,† they created a self-preserving belief system by Africanizing European religion. Commenting on this experience, Alice Sewell, a former slave of Montgomery, Alabama, states, â€Å"We used to slip off in de woods in de old slave days on Sunday evening way down in de swamps to sing and pray to our own liking† (Yetman, 1970, p. 263). During the late 1700s, when slavery was being dismantled in the North, free Black Methodists courageously separated from the patronizing control of the white denomination and established their own independent assemblies. This marked the genesis of African-American resistance as a nationally structured, mass-based movement. In 1787, Richard Allen, after suffering racist humiliation at Philadelphia’s St. George Methodist Episcopal Church, separated from the white congregation and led other Blacks, who had been similarly disgraced, to form the African Methodist Episcopal Church (A. M. E. ) in 1816. The new group flowered. By 1820 it numbered 4,000 in Philadelphia alone, while another 2,000 claimed membership in Baltimore. The church immediately spread as far west as Pittsburgh and as far south as Charleston as African-Americans organized to resist domination. (3) Through community groups, they contributed political consciousness, economic direction, and moral discipline to the struggle for freedom in their local districts. Moreover, Black Methodists sponsored aid societies that provided loans, business advice, insurance, and a host of social services to their fellow-believers and the community at large. In sum the A. M. E. Churches functioned in concert to organize African-Americans throughout the country to protect themselves from exploitation and to ready themselves for political emancipation. During this same period, David Walker exemplified the prophetic tradition of the Black church with his â€Å"Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World,† published between 1829 and 1830. Walker employed biblical language and Christian morality in creating anti-ruling class ideology: slaveholders were â€Å"avaricious and unmerciful wretches† who were guilty of perpetrating â€Å"the most wretched, abject, and servile slavery† in the world against Africans. To conclude, the church of the slave era contributed substantially to African-American social and political resistance. The â€Å"invisible institution† provided physical and psychological relief from the horrific conditions of servitude: within the confines of â€Å"hush arbors,† bondspeople found unfamiliar dignity and a sense of self-esteem. Similarly, the A. M. E. congregations confronted white paternalism by organizing their people into units of resistance to fight collectively for social equality and political self-direction. And finally, the antebellum church did not only empower Blacks by structuring their communities; it also supplied them with individual political leaders. David Walker made two stellar contributions to the Black struggle for freedom- -he both created and popularized anti-ruling class philosophy. He intrepidly broadcasted the conditional necessity of violence in abolishing slavery demanding to be heard by his â€Å"suffering brethren† and the â€Å"American people and their children† in both the North and the South. As churches grew in size and importance, the Black pastor’s role as community leader became supremely influential and unquestionably essential in the fight against Jim Crow. For instance, in 1906, when the city officials of Nashville, Tennessee, segregated the streetcars, R. H. Boyd, a prominent leader in the National Baptist Convention, organized a Black boycott against the system. He even went so far as to operate his own streetcar line at the height of the conflict. To Boyd and his constituents no setback was ever final, and the grace of God was irrefutability infinite. Then, with the advent of World War I (1914-1918) and the availability of jobs in the North, Blacks migrated to urban centers such as New York, Detroit, Chicago, and St. Louis–and they took their church with them. Hundreds of thousands of African-Americans packed not only their dreams, but also their Bibles, and struck out for the â€Å"promise land. † In exploding metropolitan enclaves they built thriving congregations like the 14,000-member Abyssinian Baptist church of Harlem, which won international acclaim for serving and organizing its people: it found them jobs, it secured them housing, it fought for their rights, and it directed their ballots. This was consistent with the â€Å"Social Gospel† as advocated by Black ministers who preached that societal sin–such as the starvation of children–could only be destroyed through Christian love and benevolent programs. To them the primary responsibility of the church was to establish ministries of social service that would eliminate injustice and abolish poverty in the African-American community, and this became the objective of many large urban assemblies. However, these impersonal metropolitan congregations with their grand strategies of social improvement did not appeal to all migrants, especially newcomers from the rural South. Instead, this group founded small assemblies in abandoned stores that offered them personal acceptance, belonging, identity, friendship–and perhaps most of all–a shelter from white racism. Hence, â€Å"storefront churches† had their genesis as part of the self-preserving culture produced by African-American Christians to ensure the survival of their communities. (Simms, 2000) Citing church membership figures accounting for fewer than twenty percent of the antebellum slave population, a number of revisionist historians have recently challenged the widespread view that Christianity was embraced by millions of slaves hungering for its message of love, hope, and salvation. And although revisionist critics have responded that such statistics provide a far from accurate gauge of just how deeply Christianity permeated the slave population, the question remains as to whether or not the mass conversion of as many as four million slaves within a single generation ever occurred, given that the vast majority had little or no exposure to Christian teaching prior to the Jacksonian period. Despite such controversy, nearly all interpretations of slave religion maintain that after about 1830, Southern planters, motivated by a desire for social control as well as sincere concern for the salvation of bondsmen, successfully introduced Christianity to the spiritually starved slave community. And even though support for this conclusion rests heavily on supposition and interpolation, it has nonetheless been presented in a number of the modern era’s most influential studies of slave religion. Local preachers were encouraged to minister to nearby plantations and, in regions lacking sufficient clergy, slaveholders, themselves, were urged to hold prayer meetings among bondsmen. Also, many churches invited slaves to join their congregations, often partitioning off separate areas such as balconies to enable them to worship alongside whites. Taken as a whole, then, it is difficult to deny that Christianity played an important role in at least some quarters of the slave community after 1830.

Harmonization of Accounting in Accounting Context

(a) Briefly explain what prompted some countries over the world to strongly advocate harmonization of accounting. The important reasons which necessitate harmonization of accounting practices are well contained in the observation made by Saudagaran. â€Å"While the initial efforts at harmonization were mainly championed by political bodies and professional accounting organizations, current pressures to harmonize are driven by investor groups who use financial statements, multinational companies which prepare financial statements, regulators who monitor capital markets, the securities industry (including stock exchanges) which view itself as being significantly impacted by the global diversity in financial reporting requirement, and developing†¦show more content†¦Another term, distinguished from harmonization, is standardization. It describes â€Å"a process by which all participants agree to follow the same or very similar Accounting practices. The end result is a state of uniformity† (Roberts et al., 1998) This state of uniformity is a condition in which everything is regular, homogenous or at least unvarying. (Samuels and Piper, 1985) Choi et al. claim that standardization implies that all Accounting principles and practices are the same. He describe standardization as â€Å"imposition of a rigid and narrow set of rules, and may even apply a single standard or rule to all situations† (Choi et al.,2002:291). The terms, harmonization and standardization, are often used in the same meaning. However, Kleekà ¤mper et al. detect that there is a difference between these two terms (Kleekà ¤mper et al, 2002). Standardisation is a process in which all countries should adopt the method of one country. In contrary, harmonization is understood as a reconciliation of different points of view. (Wilson in Riahi-Belkaoui, 2000) (c) Identify and explain the advantages of international harmonization. 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